آن چیست؟
از Past Simple برای صحبت درباره کارها، رویدادها و موقعیت‌هایی استفاده می‌شود که در گذشته شروع شده و به پایان رسیده‌اند.
مثال‌ها:
- I visited my friend yesterday.
- She worked from home last week.
- They went to the cinema.
افعال باقاعده معمولاً Past Simple را با -ed می‌سازند.
- work → worked
- play → played
- clean → cleaned
افعال بی‌قاعده شکل گذشته خاصی دارند.
- go → went
- see → saw
- buy → bought
- have → had
زمان استفاده
از Past Simple برای موارد زیر استفاده کنید:
- کارهای تکمیل‌شده در گذشته: I finished the report yesterday.
- مجموعه‌ای از کارهای تکمیل‌شده: She opened the door, walked inside, and sat down.
- عادت‌های گذشته: We played outside every day.
- موقعیت‌های گذشته که دیگر درست نیستند: He lived in London for five years.
- کارها در زمان خاصی در گذشته: They arrived at 8 p.m.
عبارات رایج زمان گذشته شامل:
- yesterday
- last night
- last week
- two days ago
- in 2020
- when I was a child
ساختار
جملات مثبت
برای افعال باقاعده، از:
subject + verb-ed
| فاعل | فعل | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| I | worked | I worked yesterday. |
| She | played | She played tennis. |
| They | visited | They visited us. |
برای افعال بی‌قاعده، از شکل گذشته خاص استفاده کنید.
| فعل اصلی | شکل گذشته | مثال |
|---|---|---|
| go | went | We went home. |
| see | saw | I saw Anna. |
| buy | bought | He bought a car. |
| take | took | She took the bus. |
شکل گذشته برای همه فاعل‌ها یکسان است.
- I worked.
- He worked.
- They worked.
جملات منفی
از:
subject + did not + base verb
شکل کوتاه did not didn’t است.
- I did not call him.
- She didn’t go to work.
- They didn’t understand the question.
بعد از didn’t، از شکل پایه فعل استفاده کنید.
سوالات
از:
Did + subject + base verb?
- Did you call her?
- Did he finish the task?
- Did they arrive on time?
پاسخ‌های کوتاه
- Did you see him? — Yes, I did.
- Did she call? — No, she didn’t.
- Did they leave? — Yes, they did.
املای افعال باقاعده
| قاعده | فعل اصلی | شکل گذشته |
|---|---|---|
| بیشتر افعال: اضافه کردن -ed | work | worked |
| افعال ending in -e: اضافه کردن -d | live | lived |
| صامت + y: تغییر y به i و اضافه کردن -ed | study | studied |
| مصوت کوتاه + صامت: دو برابر کردن صامت آخر | stop | stopped |
مثال‌ها
- I watched a film last night.
- She called me yesterday.
- We visited our grandparents on Sunday.
- He bought a new laptop.
- They didn’t come to the meeting.
- I didn’t understand the question.
- Did you finish your homework?
- Did she take the bus?
- We lived in Calgary for three years.
- He opened the window and turned on the light.
استثناها
فعل to be در سوالات و منفی‌های Past Simple از did استفاده نمی‌کند.
- I was tired.
- They were at home.
- She wasn’t ready.
- Were you busy?
برخی افعال بی‌قاعده هستند و از -ed استفاده نمی‌کنند.
- come → came
- write → wrote
- make → made
- find → found
اشکال بی‌قاعده باید به صورت جداگانه یاد گرفته شوند.
اشتباهات رایج
-
نادرست: I goed to work yesterday. درست: I went to work yesterday. توضیح: Go بی‌قاعده است. شکل گذشته آن went است.
-
نادرست: She didn’t went home. درست: She didn’t go home. توضیح: بعد از didn’t از فعل پایه استفاده کنید.
-
نادرست: Did you saw him? درست: Did you see him? توضیح: بعد از did از فعل پایه استفاده کنید.
-
نادرست: He work yesterday. درست: He worked yesterday. توضیح: برای یک عمل تکمیل‌شده در گذشته از شکل Past Simple استفاده کنید.
-
نادرست: They was late. درست: They were late. توضیح: با they از were استفاده کنید.
-
نادرست: I didn’t called her. درست: I didn’t call her. توضیح: بعد از didn’t از شکل گذشته استفاده نکنید.
-
نادرست: Did she finished the task? درست: Did she finish the task? توضیح: بعد از did از شکل پایه استفاده کنید.
-
نادرست: We studyed English yesterday. درست: We studied English yesterday. توضیح: قبل از اضافه کردن -ed، صامت + y را به i تغییر دهید.