それは何ですか?
動詞 to be は、人、物、場所、感情、年齢、職業、状況を説明するために使われます。
現在形は以下の通りです:
- am
- is
- are
I と一緒に am を使います。
- I am tired.
he、she、it と一緒に is を使います。
- He is at home.
- She is a teacher.
- It is cold.
you、we、they と一緒に are を使います。
- You are ready.
- We are friends.
- They are busy.
いつ使うか
to be は以下のことを話すために使います:
- 身元:I am Daniel.
- 職業:She is a nurse.
- 年齢:He is twenty years old.
- 感情:We are happy.
- 説明:The room is small.
- 場所:They are at work.
- 国籍:She is Canadian.
- 天気と時刻:It is cold. It is six o’clock.
否定形は、何かが真実でないと言うために使います。
- I am not tired.
- He is not at home.
- They are not ready.
疑問文は、身元、状態、場所、年齢、説明について尋ねるために使います。
- Are you tired?
- Is she at work?
- Are they students?
構造
肯定文
以下を使います:
主語 + am/is/are + 補語
| 主語 | 形 | 例 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am | I am ready. |
| he / she / it | is | She is busy. |
| you / we / they | are | They are outside. |
一般的な短縮形は以下の通りです:
| 完全形 | 短縮形 |
|---|---|
| I am | I’m |
| he is | he’s |
| she is | she’s |
| it is | it’s |
| you are | you’re |
| we are | we’re |
| they are | they’re |
否定文
以下を使います:
主語 + am/is/are + not + 補語
| 主語 | 完全形 | 短縮形 |
|---|---|---|
| I | am not | I’m not |
| he / she / it | is not | isn’t |
| you / we / they | are not | aren’t |
例:
- I’m not hungry.
- She isn’t at home.
- We aren’t late.
he’s not、she’s not、you’re not、they’re not の形も正しいです。
疑問文
am、is、are を主語の前に置きます。
am/is/are + 主語 + 補語?
| 平叙文 | 疑問文 |
|---|---|
| You are tired. | Are you tired? |
| She is at work. | Is she at work? |
| They are ready. | Are they ready? |
| I am late. | Am I late? |
短い答え
短い答えでは am、is、are を使います。
- Are you ready? — Yes, I am.
- Is he at home? — No, he isn’t.
- Are they busy? — Yes, they are.
- Is she a doctor? — No, she isn’t.
短い答えでは通常、肯定の短縮形は使いません。
- 正しい:Yes, I am.
- 間違い:Yes, I’m.
例
- I am a software developer.
- She is very tired today.
- They are at the bus stop.
- I’m not hungry.
- He isn’t at work.
- We aren’t ready yet.
- Are you from Canada?
- Is your brother at home?
- Are the children tired?
- Why is the door open?
例外
フォーマルな疑問文では am I not? を使います。
- Am I not invited?
日常英語では、否定疑問文や付加疑問文で aren’t I? が一般的です。
- Aren’t I invited?
- I’m late, aren’t I?
to be と一緒に do、does、did は使いません。
- 正しい:Is she tired?
- 間違い:Does she be tired?
動詞 to be は、単純な説明では別の主動詞を必要としません。
- She is happy.
- They are at home.
よくある間違い
-
間違い: I is tired. 正しい: I am tired. 説明: I と一緒に am を使います。
-
間違い: They is at home. 正しい: They are at home. 説明: they と一緒に are を使います。
-
間違い: She not is ready. 正しい: She is not ready. 説明: not を is の後に置きます。
-
間違い: I don’t am hungry. 正しい: I am not hungry. 説明: to be と一緒に do は使いません。
-
間違い: Does he be at work? 正しい: Is he at work? 説明: 疑問文を作るには is を主語の前に置きます。
-
間違い: Are she tired? 正しい: Is she tired? 説明: she と一緒に is を使います。
-
間違い: Is they ready? 正しい: Are they ready? 説明: they と一緒に are を使います。
-
間違い: Yes, I’m. 正しい: Yes, I am. 説明: 短い答えでは通常、肯定の短縮形は使いません。